MicroRNA-Orchestrated Modulation of CAR-T Cells: Overcoming Functional Barriers Toward Next-Generation Immunotherapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62382/jcbt.v2i4.77Keywords:
CAR-T cells, microRNA, Immunotherapy, Tumor microenvironment, T-cell exhaustion, TraffickingAbstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized treatment outcomes in hematologic cancers, yet its impact on solid tumors remains limited due to barriers such as antigen heterogeneity, functional exhaustion, immunosuppressive microenvironments, and inefficient tumor infiltration. Recent studies identify microRNAs (miRNAs) as central regulators of T-cell activation, persistence, differentiation, and metabolic adaptation, functioning as post-transcriptional rheostats rather than simple on/off switches. By modulating checkpoint pathways, chemokine responsiveness, and resistance to hypoxic stress, specific miRNAs-including miR-17~92, miR-155, miR-210, and miR-21-have demonstrated potential to enhance CAR-T performance across multiple functional axes. Here, we synthesize evidence from mechanistic research, preclinical studies, and early clinical observations on emerging delivery strategies such as synthetic oligonucleotide inhibitors/mimics, vectorized circuits, circular-RNA systems, and exosome-based carriers. Together, these findings suggest that miRNA engineering offers a versatile platform for next-generation CAR-T design, enabling multi-layered functional reprogramming while underscoring the need for rigorous clinical validation in solid tumor settings.
Downloads
References
Wang C, Wang JP, Che SS, Zhao H. CAR-T cell therapy for hematological malignancies: History, status and promise. Heliyon. 2023, 9(11), e21776. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21776
Kong YJ, Li JY, Zhao XY, Wu YW, Chen L. CAR-T cell therapy: developments, challenges and expanded applications from cancer to autoimmunity. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024, 15, 1519671. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1519671
Feucht J, Sadelain M. Function and evolution of the prototypic CD28ζ and 4-1BBζ chimeric antigen receptors. Immuno-Oncology Technology. 2020, 8, 2-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2020.09.001
Yeku OO, Brentjens RJ. Armored CAR T-cells: utilizing cytokines and pro-inflammatory ligands to enhance CAR T-cell anti-tumour efficacy. Biochemical Society Transactions. 2016, 44(2), 412-418. DOI: 10.1042/BST20150291
Hawkins ER, D'Souza RR, Klampatsa A. Armored CAR T-Cells: The Next Chapter in T-Cell Cancer Immunotherapy. Biologics. 2021, 15, 95-105. DOI: 10.2147/BTT.S291768
Somboonpatarakun C, Phanthaphol N, Suwanchiwasiri K, Ramwarungkura B, Yuti P, Poungvarin N, et al. Cytotoxicity of fourth-generation anti-Trop2 CAR-T cells against breast cancer. International Immunopharmacology. 2024, 129, 111631. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111631
Abbasi MH, Riaz A, Khawar MB, Farooq A, Majid A, Sheikh N. CAR-T-cell therapy: Present progress and future strategies. Biomedical Research and Therapy. 2022, 9(2), 4920-4929. DOI: 10.15419/bmrat.v9i2.726
Zhao ZJ, Chen Y, Francisco NM, Zhang YQ, Wu MH. The application of CAR-T cell therapy in hematological malignancies: advantages and challenges. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B. 2018, 8(4), 539-551. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.03.001
Kankeu Fonkoua LA, Sirpilla O, Sakemura R, Siegler EL, Kenderian SS. CAR T cell therapy and the tumor microenvironment: Current challenges and opportunities. Molecular Therapy Oncolytics. 2022, 25, 69-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.03.009
Sterner RC, Sterner RM. CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies. Blood Cancer Journal. 2021, 11(4), 69. DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00459-7
Liu QJ, Sun ZJ, Chen LG. Memory T cells: strategies for optimizing tumor immunotherapy. Protein & Cell. 2020, 11(8), 549-564. DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00707-9
Gu A, Li JT, Li MY, Liu YB. Patient-derived xenograft model in cancer: establishment and applications. MedComm (2020). 2025, 6(2), e70059. DOI: 10.1002/mco2.70059
Li JT, Gu A, Tang NN, Zengin G, Li MY, Liu YB. Patient‐derived xenograft models in pan‐cancer: From bench to clinic. Interdisciplinary Medicine. 2025, 3(5), e20250016. DOI: 10.1002/inmd.20250016
Sadri F, Hosseini SF, Aghayei A, Fereidouni M, Rezaei Z. The Tumor Suppressor Roles and Mechanisms of MiR-491 in Human Cancers. DNA and Cell Biology. 2022, 41(9), 810-823. DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0274
Ha TY. The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulatory T Cells and in the Immune Response. Immune Network. 2011, 11(1), 11-41. DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.1.11
Ahmad U, Khan Z, Ualiyeva D, Amissah OB, Noor Z, Asaf K, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell structure, its manufacturing, and related toxicities; A comprehensive review. Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis. 2022, 4, 100035. DOI: 10.1016/j.adcanc.2022.100035
Ahamadi-Fesharaki R, Fateh A, Vaziri F, Solgi G, Siadat SD, Mahboudi F, et al. Single-Chain Variable Fragment-Based Bispecific Antibodies: Hitting Two Targets with One Sophisticated Arrow. Molecular Therapy Oncolytics. 2019, 14, 38-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.02.004
Mavi AK, Gaur S, Gaur G, Babita, Kumar N, Kumar U. CAR T-cell therapy: Reprogramming patient's immune cell to treat cancer. Cellular Signalling. 2023, 105, 110638. DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110638
Kong YJ, Tang L, You Y, Li Q, Zhu XJ. Analysis of causes for poor persistence of CAR-T cell therapy in vivo. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023, 14, 1063454. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1063454
Drent E, Poels R, Ruiter R, van de Donk NWCJ, Zweegman S, Yuan HP, et al. Combined CD28 and 4-1BB Costimulation Potentiates Affinity-tuned Chimeric Antigen Receptor-engineered T Cells. Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2019, 25(13), 4014-4025. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-2559
Sayadmanesh A, Yekehfallah V, Valizadeh A, Abedelahi A, Shafaei H, Shanehbandi D, et al. Strategies for modifying the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to improve safety and reduce toxicity in CAR T cell therapy for cancer. International Immunopharmacology. 2023, 125(Pt A), 111093. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111093
Chmielewski M, Abken H. TRUCKs: the fourth generation of CARs. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2015, 15(8), 1145-1154. DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1046430
Kagoya Y, Tanaka S, Guo TX, Anczurowski M, Wang CH, Saso K, et al. A novel chimeric antigen receptor containing a JAK-STAT signaling domain mediates superior antitumor effects. Nature Medicine. 2018, 24(3), 352-359. DOI: 10.1038/nm.4478
Müller TR, Jarosch S, Hammel M, Leube J, Grassmann S, Bernard B, et al. Targeted T cell receptor gene editing provides predictable T cell product function for immunotherapy. Cell Reports. Medicine. 2021, 2(8), 100374. DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100374
Weiss SA, Huang AY, Fung ME, Martinez D, Chen ACY, LaSalle TJ, et al. Epigenetic tuning of PD-1 expression improves exhausted T cell function and viral control. Nature Immunology. 2024, 25(10), 1871-1883. DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01961-3
Seyedi D, Espandar N, Hojatizadeh M, Mohammadi Y, Sadri F, Rezaei Z. Noncoding RNAs in rheumatoid arthritis: modulators of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway and therapeutic implications. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024, 15, 1486476. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1486476
Lemoine J, Ruella M, Houot R. Overcoming Intrinsic Resistance of Cancer Cells to CAR T-Cell Killing. Clinical Cancer Research: an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2021, 27(23), 6298-6306. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-1559
Xiong YW, Libby KA, Su XL. The physical landscape of CAR-T synapse. Biophysical Journal. 2024, 123(15), 2199-2210. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.09.004
Ramírez-Labrada A, Pesini C, Santiago L, Hidalgo S, Calvo-Pérez A, Oñate C, et al. All About (NK Cell-Mediated) Death in Two Acts and an Unexpected Encore: Initiation, Execution and Activation of Adaptive Immunity. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022, 13, 896228. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896228
Strasser A, Jost PJ, Nagata S. The many roles of FAS receptor signaling in the immune system. Immunity. 2009, 30(2), 180-192. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.01.001
Ma S, Lu Y, Sui S, Yang JS, Fu BB, Tan PX, et al. Unraveling the triad of immunotherapy, tumor microenvironment, and skeletal muscle biomechanics in oncology. Frontiers in Immunology. 2025, 16, 1572821. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1572821
Fischer JW, Bhattarai N. CAR-T Cell Therapy: Mechanism, Management, and Mitigation of Inflammatory Toxicities. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021, 12, 693016. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693016
Anderson GSF, Chapman MA. T cell-redirecting therapies in hematological malignancies: Current developments and novel strategies for improved targeting. Molecular Therapy. 2024, 32(9), 2856-2891. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.07.028
Nasiri F, Safarzadeh Kozani P, Salem F, Mahboubi Kancha M, Dashti Shokoohi S, Safarzadeh Kozani P. Mechanisms of antigen-dependent resistance to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies. Cancer Cell International. 2025, 25(1), 64. DOI: 10.1186/s12935-025-03697-y
Mu WL, Patankar V, Kitchen S, Zhen AJ, Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Viruses. 2024, 16(2), 219. DOI: 10.3390/v16020219
Hu Q, Zhu YF, Mei J, Liu Y, Zhou GR. Extracellular matrix dynamics in tumor immunoregulation: from tumor microenvironment to immunotherapy. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 2025, 18(1), 65. DOI: 10.1186/s13045-025-01717-y
Zhang YJ, Han WD. Management of Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) following CAR T-cell therapy: a comprehensive review. Clinical Cancer Bulletin. 2025, 4(1), 15. DOI: 10.1007/s44272-025-00044-0
Dosil SG, Rodríguez-Galán A, Sánchez-Madrid F, Fernández-Messina L. MicroRNAs in T Cell-Immunotherapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023, 24(1), 250. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010250
Hong M, Clubb JD, Chen YY. Engineering CAR-T Cells for Next-Generation Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell. 2020, 38(4), 473-488. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.07.005
Newick K, Moon E, Albelda SM. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for solid tumors. Molecular Therapy Oncolytics. 2016, 3, 16006. DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.6
Yi M, Xu LP, Jiao Y, Luo SX, Li AP, Wu KM. The role of cancer-derived microRNAs in cancer immune escape. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 2020, 13(1), 25. DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00848-8
Dhatchinamoorthy K, Colbert JD, Rock KL. Cancer Immune Evasion Through Loss of MHC Class I Antigen Presentation. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021, 12, 636568. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636568
Mari L, Hoefnagel SJM, Zito D, van de Meent M, van Endert P, Calpe S, et al. microRNA 125a Regulates MHC-I Expression on Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cells, Associated With Suppression of Antitumor Immune Response and Poor Outcomes of Patients. Gastroenterology. 2018, 155(3), 784-798. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.06.030
Lazaridou MF, Massa C, Handke D, Mueller A, Friedrich M, Karthikeyan S, et al. Identification of microRNAs Targeting the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing TAP1 in Melanoma. Journal of Clincal Medicine(JCM). 2020, 9(9), 2690. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092690
Gao F, Zhao ZL, Zhao WT, Fan QR, Wang SC, Li J, et al. miR-9 modulates the expression of interferon-regulated genes and MHC class I molecules in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2013, 431(3), 610-616. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.097
Chen X, Yang F, Zhang TZ, Wang W, Xi WJ, Li YF, et al. MiR-9 promotes tumorigenesis and angiogenesis and is activated by MYC and OCT4 in human glioma. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2019, 38(1), 99. DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1078-2
Han LC, Wang W, Ding W, Zhang LJ. MiR‐9 is involved in TGF‐β1‐induced lung cancer cell invasion and adhesion by targeting SOX 7. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2017, 21(9), 2000-2008. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13120
Colangelo T, Polcaro G, Ziccardi P, Pucci B, Muccillo L, Galgani M, et al. Proteomic screening identifies calreticulin as a miR-27a direct target repressing MHC class I cell surface exposure in colorectal cancer. Cell Death & Disease. 2016, 7(2), e2120-e2120. DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.28
Zheng JX, Yang T, Gao SH, Cheng MR, Shao Y, Xi YF, et al. miR-148a-3p silences the CANX/MHC-I pathway and impairs CD8(+) T cell-mediated immune attack in colorectal cancer. FASEB Journal. 2021, 35(8), e21776. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100235R
Yu Y, Tu L, Liu Y, Song XY, Shao QQ, Tang XL. [The TGF‑beta/miR-23a-3p/IRF1 axis mediates immune escape of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting major histocompatibility complex class I]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao = Journal of Southern Medical University. 2025, 45(7), 1397-1408. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2025.07.06
Wilkinson AN, Chen R, Coleborn E, Neilson T, Le K, Bhavsar C, et al. Let-7i enhances anti-tumour immunity and suppresses ovarian tumour growth. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy: CII. 2024, 73(5), 80. DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03674-w
Colombini A, Libonati F, Lopa S, Ragni E, De Luca P, Zagra L, et al. Immunomodulatory potential of secretome from cartilage cells and mesenchymal stromal cells in an arthritic context: From predictive fiction toward reality. Frontiers in Medicine. 2022, 9, 992386. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.992386
Li J, Lin TY, Chen L, Liu Y, Dian MJ, Hao WC, et al. miR-19 regulates the expression of interferon-induced genes and MHC class I genes in human cancer cells. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2020, 17(7), 953-964. DOI: 10.7150/ijms.44377
Tang WW, Bauer KM, Barba C, Ekiz HA, O'Connell RM. miR-aculous new avenues for cancer immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022, 13, 929677. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929677
Wang XH, Li B, Wang J, Lei J, Liu C, Ma Y, et al. Evidence that miR-133a causes recurrent spontaneous abortion by reducing HLA-G expression. Reproductive Biomedicine Online. 2012, 25(4), 415-424. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.06.022
Tao SF, He HF, Chen Q, Yue WJ. GPER mediated estradiol reduces miR-148a to promote HLA-G expression in breast cancer. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2014, 451(1), 74-78. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.073
Zhu XM, Han T, Wang XH, Li YH, Yang HG, Luo YN, et al. Overexpression of miR-152 leads to reduced expression of human leukocyte antigen-G and increased natural killer cell mediated cytolysis in JEG-3 cells. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010, 202(6), 592.e1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.03.002
Shen J, Pan J, Du C, Si W, Yao M, Xu L, et al. Silencing NKG2D ligand-targeting miRNAs enhances natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in breast cancer. Cell Death & Disease. 2017, 8(4), e2740. DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.158
Xie J, Liu M, Li Y, Nie Y, Mi Q, Zhao S. Ovarian tumor-associated microRNA-20a decreases natural killer cell cytotoxicity by downregulating MICA/B expression. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2014, 11(5), 495-502. DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.30
Abruzzese MP, Bilotta MT, Fionda C, Zingoni A, Soriani A, Vulpis E, et al. Inhibition of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins increases NKG2D ligand MICA expression and sensitivity to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells: role of cMYC-IRF4-miR-125b interplay. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 2016, 9(1), 134. DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0362-2
Breunig C, Pahl J, Küblbeck M, Miller M, Antonelli D, Erdem N, et al. MicroRNA-519a-3p mediates apoptosis resistance in breast cancer cells and their escape from recognition by natural killer cells. Cell Death & Disease. 2017, 8(8), e2973-e2973. DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.364
Kishikawa T, Otsuka M, Yoshikawa T, Ohno M, Takata A, Shibata C, et al. Regulation of the expression of the liver cancer susceptibility gene MICA by microRNAs. Scientific Reports. 2013, 3(1), 2739. DOI: 10.1038/srep02739
Wu J, Zhang XJ, Shi KQ, Chen YP, Ren YF, Song YJ, et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen inhibits MICA and MICB expression via induction of cellular miRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis. 2014, 35(1), 155-63. DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt268
Ou ZL, Luo Z, Wei W, Liang S, Gao TL, Lu YB. Hypoxia-induced shedding of MICA and HIF1A-mediated immune escape of pancreatic cancer cells from NK cells: role of circ_0000977/miR-153 axis. RNA Biology. 2019, 16(11), 1592-1603. DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1649585
Hu G, Gong AY, Liu J, Zhou R, Deng C, Chen XM. miR-221 suppresses ICAM-1 translation and regulates interferon-γ-induced ICAM-1 expression in human cholangiocytes. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2010, 298(4), G542-G550. DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00490.2009
Yu G, Yao W, Xiao W, Li H, Xu H, Lang B. MicroRNA-34a functions as an anti-metastatic microRNA and suppresses angiogenesis in bladder cancer by directly targeting CD44. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2014, 33(1), 779. DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0115-4
Park B, Kim J, Baylink DJ, Hino C, Kwon C, Tran V, et al. Nutrient-gene therapy as a strategy to enhance CAR T cell function and overcome barriers in the tumor microenvironment. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2025, 23(1), 633. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-025-06606-z
Li Q, Johnston N, Zheng X, Wang H, Zhang X, Gao D, et al. miR-28 modulates exhaustive differentiation of T cells through silencing programmed cell death-1 and regulating cytokine secretion. Oncotarget. 2016, 7(33), 53735-53750. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10731
Wei J, Nduom EK, Kong LY, Hashimoto Y, Xu S, Gabrusiewicz K, et al. MiR-138 exerts anti-glioma efficacy by targeting immune checkpoints. Neuro-Oncology. 2016, 18(5), 639-48. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov292
Sun C, Lan P, Han Q, Huang M, Zhang Z, Xu G, et al. Oncofetal gene SALL4 reactivation by hepatitis B virus counteracts miR-200c in PD-L1-induced T cell exhaustion. Nature Communications. 2018, 9(1), 1241. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03584-3
Chen J, Jiang CC, Jin L, Zhang XD. Regulation of PD-L1: a novel role of pro-survival signalling in cancer. Annals of Oncology. 2016, 27(3), 409-416. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv615
Wang D, Tang M, Zong P, Liu H, Zhang T, Liu Y, et al. MiRNA-155 Regulates the Th17/Treg Ratio by Targeting SOCS1 in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018, 9, 686. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00686
Parlato S, Bruni R, Fragapane P, Salerno D, Marcantonio C, Borghi P, et al. IFN-α regulates Blimp-1 expression via miR-23a and miR-125b in both monocytes-derived DC and pDC. PloS One. 2013, 8(8), e72833. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072833
Li QJ, Chau J, Ebert PJ, Sylvester G, Min H, Liu G, et al. miR-181a is an intrinsic modulator of T cell sensitivity and selection. Cell. 2007, 129(1), 147-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.008
Sanada T, Sano T, Sotomaru Y, Alshargabi R, Yamawaki Y, Yamashita A, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of miRNA-146a induced in adipose and periodontal tissues. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports. 2020, 22, 100757. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100757
Monnot GC, Martinez-Usatorre A, Lanitis E, Lopes SF, Cheng WC, Ho PC, et al. miR-155 Overexpression in OT-1 CD8(+) T Cells Improves Anti-Tumor Activity against Low-Affinity Tumor Antigen. Molecular Therapy Oncolytics. 2020, 16, 111-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.12.008
Zhang J, Zhu J, Zheng G, Wang Q, Li X, Feng Y, et al. Co-Expression of miR155 or LSD1 shRNA Increases the Anti-Tumor Functions of CD19 CAR-T Cells. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021, 12, 811364. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.811364
Chan YC, Banerjee J, Choi SY, Sen CK. miR-210: the master hypoxamir. Microcirculation (New York, N.Y.: 1994). 2012, 19(3), 215-23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00154.x
Rayner KJ, Suárez Y, Dávalos A, Parathath S, Fitzgerald ML, Tamehiro N, et al. MiR-33 contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2010, 328(5985), 1570-3. DOI: 10.1126/science.1189862
Taefehshokr S, Taefehshokr N, Hemmat N, Hajazimian S, Isazadeh A, Dadebighlu P, et al. The pivotal role of MicroRNAs in glucose metabolism in cancer. Pathology, Research and Practice. 2021, 217, 153314. DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153314
Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Hu Q, Wu J, Li Y, et al. LncRNA-p23154 promotes the invasion-metastasis potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating Glut1-mediated glycolysis. Cancer Letters. 2018, 434, 172-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.016
Zhang X, Li Z, Xuan Z, Xu P, Wang W, Chen Z, et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Novel role of miR-133a-3p in repressing gastric cancer growth and metastasis via blocking autophagy-mediated glutaminolysis. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2018, 37(1), 320. DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0993-y
Xiao C, Srinivasan L, Calado DP, Patterson HC, Zhang B, Wang J, et al. Lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity in mice with increased miR-17-92 expression in lymphocytes. Nature Immunology. 2008, 9(4), 405-14. DOI: 10.1038/ni1575
Zhu L, Qiu C, Dai L, Zhang L, Feng M, Yang Y, et al. Hsa-miR-31 Governs T-Cell Homeostasis in HIV Protection via IFN-gamma-Stat1-T-Bet Axis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021, 12, 771279. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771279
Ma W, Xiao GG, Mao J, Lu Y, Song B, Wang L, et al. Dysregulation of the miR-34a-SIRT1 axis inhibits breast cancer stemness. Oncotarget. 2015, 6(12), 10432-44. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3394
Alivernini S, Gremese E, McSharry C, Tolusso B, Ferraccioli G, McInnes IB, et al. MicroRNA-155-at the Critical Interface of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Arthritis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2017, 8, 1932. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01932
Lu Y, Hippen KL, Lemire AL, Gu J, Wang W, Ni X, et al. miR-146b antagomir–treated human Tregs acquire increased GVHD inhibitory potency. Blood. 2016, 128(10), 1424-1435. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-714535
Liu Y, Lai L, Chen Q, Song Y, Xu S, Ma F, et al. MicroRNA-494 is required for the accumulation and functions of tumor-expanded myeloid-derived suppressor cells via targeting of PTEN. Journal of Immunology. 2012, 188(11), 5500-5510. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103505
Holvoet P. Noncoding RNAs Controlling Oxidative Stress in Cancer. Cancers. 2023, 15(4), 1155. DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041155
Huang B, Pan PY, Li Q, Sato AI, Levy DE, Bromberg J, et al. Gr-1+CD115+ immature myeloid suppressor cells mediate the development of tumor-induced T regulatory cells and T-cell anergy in tumor-bearing host. Cancer Research. 2006, 66(2), 1123-31. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1299
Zhang B, Qiangba Y, Shang P, Wang Z, Ma J, Wang L, et al. A Comprehensive MicroRNA Expression Profile Related to Hypoxia Adaptation in the Tibetan Pig. PLoS One. 2015, 10(11), e0143260. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143260
Varambally S, Cao Q, Mani RS, Shankar S, Wang X, Ateeq B, et al. Genomic loss of microRNA-101 leads to overexpression of histone methyltransferase EZH2 in cancer. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2008, 322(5908), 1695-9. DOI: 10.1126/science.1165395
Cortez MA, Ivan C, Valdecanas D, Wang X, Peltier HJ, Ye Y, et al. PDL1 Regulation by p53 via miR-34. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2016, 108(1), djv303. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv303
Ye SB, Li ZL, Luo DH, Huang BJ, Chen YS, Zhang XS, et al. Tumor-derived exosomes promote tumor progression and T-cell dysfunction through the regulation of enriched exosomal microRNAs in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2014, 5(14), 5439. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2118
Chen X, Ying X, Wang X, Wu X, Zhu Q, Wang X. Exosomes derived from hypoxic epithelial ovarian cancer deliver microRNA-940 to induce macrophage M2 polarization. Oncology Reports. 2017, 38(1), 522-528. DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5697
Zhang G, Bai M, Du H, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Fan W, et al. Current Advances and Challenges in CAR-T Therapy for Hematological and Solid Tumors. ImmunoTargets and Therapy. 2025, 14, 655-680. DOI: 10.2147/ITT.S519616
Mikucki ME, Fisher DT, Matsuzaki J, Skitzki JJ, Gaulin NB, Muhitch JB, et al. Non-redundant requirement for CXCR3 signalling during tumoricidal T-cell trafficking across tumour vascular checkpoints. Nature Communications. 2015, 6, 7458. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8458
Spranger S, Dai D, Horton B, Gajewski TF. Tumor-Residing Batf3 Dendritic Cells Are Required for Effector T Cell Trafficking and Adoptive T Cell Therapy. Cancer Cell. 2017, 31(5), 711-723.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.04.003
Zitzer NC, Snyder K, Meng X, Taylor PA, Efebera YA, Devine SM, et al. MicroRNA-155 Modulates Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease by Impacting T Cell Expansion, Migration, and Effector Function. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md.: 1950). 2018, 200(12), 4170-4179. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701465
Tano N, Kim HW, Ashraf M. microRNA-150 regulates mobilization and migration of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells by targeting Cxcr4. PLoS One. 2011, 6(10), e23114. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023114
Smigielska-Czepiel K, van den Berg A, Jellema P, Slezak-Prochazka I, Maat H, van den Bos H, et al. Dual role of miR-21 in CD4+ T-cells: activation-induced miR-21 supports survival of memory T-cells and regulates CCR7 expression in naive T-cells. PLoS One. 2013, 8(10), e76217. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076217
Yang L, Boldin MP, Yu Y, Liu CS, Ea CK, Ramakrishnan P, et al. miR-146a controls the resolution of T cell responses in mice. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2012, 209(9), 1655-70. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112218
Ding D, Zhang Y, Yang R, Wang X, Ji G, Huo L, et al. miR-940 Suppresses Tumor Cell Invasion and Migration via Regulation of CXCR2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BioMed Research International. 2016, 2016, 7618342. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7618342
Fan J, Yang Y, Wang L, Shang X, Zhang L, Sun H, et al. Study on the Correlation between Interleukin-27 and CXCL10 in Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Journal of Immunology Research. 2022, 2022, 2932837. DOI: 10.1155/2022/2932837
Park L, Tsai YT, Lim HK, Faulhaber LD, Burleigh K, Faulhaber EM, et al. Cytokine-mediated increase in endothelial-leukocyte interaction mediates brain capillary plugging during CAR T cell neurotoxicity. bioRxiv. 2025. DOI: 10.1101/2025.02.19.638920
Darzi L, Boshtam M, Shariati L, Kouhpayeh S, Gheibi A, Mirian M, et al. The silencing effect of miR-30a on ITGA4 gene expression in vitro: an approach for gene therapy. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017, 12(6), 456-464. DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.217426
Koivusalo S, Schmidt A, Manninen A, Wenta T. Regulation of kinase signaling pathways by α6β4-integrins and plectin in prostate cancer. Cancers. 2022, 15(1), 149. DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010149
Su Q, Liu Y, Lv XW, Ye ZL, Sun YH, Kong BH, et al. Inhibition of lncRNA TUG1 upregulates miR-142-3p to ameliorate myocardial injury during ischemia and reperfusion via targeting HMGB1-and Rac1-induced autophagy. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 2019, 133, 12-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.05.021
Kim JG, Islam R, Cho JY, Jeong H, Cap KC, Park Y, et al. Regulation of RhoA GTPase and various transcription factors in the RhoA pathway. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2018, 233(9), 6381-6392. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26487
Amelio I, Lena AM, Viticchiè G, Shalom-Feuerstein R, Terrinoni A, Dinsdale D, et al. miR-24 triggers epidermal differentiation by controlling actin adhesion and cell migration. The Journal of Cell Biology. 2012, 199(2), 347-63. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201203134
Guan Y, Song X, Sun W, Wang Y, Liu B. Effect of Hypoxia-Induced MicroRNA-210 Expression on Cardiovascular Disease and the Underlying Mechanism. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2019, 2019, 4727283. DOI: 10.1155/2019/4727283
Anand S, Majeti BK, Acevedo LM, Murphy EA, Mukthavaram R, Scheppke L, et al. MicroRNA-132–mediated loss of p120RasGAP activates the endothelium to facilitate pathological angiogenesis. Nature Medicine. 2010, 16(8), 909-914. DOI: 10.1038/nm.2186
Guo HH, Zhang N, Huang T, Shen N. MicroRNA-200c in Cancer Generation, Invasion, and Metastasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025, 26(2), 710. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26020710
Tavakolpour V, Safari-Kharkeshi M, Soleimanpour-Lichaei HR, Gardaneh M, Kouhkan F. MicroRNA-34a enhances immune response and suppresses PI3K/AKT signaling through targeting PD-L1 in triple-negative breast cancer. Gene Reports. 2025, 40, 102211. DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102211
Chen X, Zhou JR, Li XD, Wang XJ, Lin YY, Wang XP. Exosomes derived from hypoxic epithelial ovarian cancer cells deliver microRNAs to macrophages and elicit a tumor-promoted phenotype. Cancer Letters. 2018, 435, 80-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.001
Guo XF, Qiu W, Wang J, Liu QL, Qian MY, Wang SB, et al. Glioma exosomes mediate the expansion and function of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells through microRNA‐29a/Hbp1 and microRNA‐92a/Prkar1a pathways. International Journal of Cancer. 2019, 144(12), 3111-3126. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32052
Wu TQ, Wieland A, Araki K, Davis CW, Ye LL, Hale JS, et al. Temporal expression of microRNA cluster miR-17-92 regulates effector and memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012, 109(25), 9965-9970. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207327109
Bellini N, Lodge R, Pham TNQ, Jain J, Murooka TT, Herschhorn A, et al. MiRNA-103 downmodulates CCR5 expression reducing human immunodeficiency virus type-1 entry and impacting latency establishment in CD4(+) T cells. iScience. 2022, 25(10), 105234. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105234
Iijima N, Yamaguchi M, Hayashi T, Rui Y, Ohira Y, Miyamoto Y, et al. miR-147-3p in pathogenic CD4 T cells controls chemokine receptor expression for the development of experimental autoimmune diseases. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2024, 149, 103319. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103319
Haasch D, Chen YW, Reilly RM, Chiou XG, Koterski S, Smith ML, et al. T cell activation induces a noncoding RNA transcript sensitive to inhibition by immunosuppressant drugs and encoded by the proto-oncogene, BIC. Cellular Immunology. 2002, 217(1-2), 78-86. DOI: 10.1016/s0008-8749(02)00506-3
Lin R, Chen L, Chen G, Hu CY, Jiang S, Sevilla J, et al. Targeting miR-23a in CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes prevents tumor-dependent immunosuppression. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2014, 124(12), 5352-5367. DOI: 10.1172/JCI76561
Lonez C, Bolsée J, Huberty F, Nguyen T, Jacques-Hespel C, Anguille S, et al. Clinical Proof-of-Concept of a Non-Gene Editing Technology Using miRNA-Based shRNA to Engineer Allogeneic CAR T-Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025, 26(4), 1658. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26041658
Ma YJ, Dai HP, Cui QY, Cui W, Zhu WJ, Qu CJ, et al. Successful application of PD-1 knockdown CLL-1 CAR-T therapy in two AML patients with post-transplant relapse and failure of anti-CD38 CAR-T cell treatment. American Journal of Cancer Research. 2022, 12(2), 615-621. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94353-0_33
Dahmani A, Delisle JS. TGF-beta in T Cell Biology: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel). 2018, 10(6), 194. DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060194
Berdecka D, De Smedt SC, De Vos WH, Braeckmans K. Non-viral delivery of RNA for therapeutic T cell engineering ex vivo. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2024, 208, 115215. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115215
Pedersen IM, Cheng GF, Wieland S, Volinia S, Croce CM, Chisari FV, et al. Interferon modulation of cellular microRNAs as an antiviral mechanism. Nature. 2007, 449(7164), 919-922. DOI: 10.3410/f.1092346.551998
Ohno M, Ohkuri T, Kosaka A, Tanahashi K, June CH, Natsume A, et al. Expression of miR-17-92 enhances antitumor activity of T cells transduced with the anti-EGFRvIII chimeric antigen receptor in mice bearing human GBM xenografts. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 2013, 1, 21. DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-21
Cai JS, Liu Z, Chen SY, Zhang JW, Li HR, Wang X, et al. Engineered circular RNA-based DLL3-targeted CAR-T therapy for small cell lung cancer. Experimental Hematology & Oncology. 2025, 14(1), 35. DOI: 10.1186/s40164-025-00625-8
Favaro E, Ramachandran A, McCormick R, Gee H, Blancher C, Crosby M, et al. MicroRNA-210 regulates mitochondrial free radical response to hypoxia and krebs cycle in cancer cells by targeting iron sulfur cluster protein ISCU. PLoS One. 2010, 5(4), e10345. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010345
Sani F, Shojaei S, Tabatabaei SA, Khorraminejad-Shirazi M, Latifi M, Sani M, et al. CAR-T cell-derived exosomes: a new perspective for cancer therapy. Stem Cell Research & Therapy. 2024, 15(1), 174. DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03783-4
Fu WY, Lei CH, Liu SW, Cui YS, Wang CQ, Qian KW, et al. CAR exosomes derived from effector CAR-T cells have potent antitumour effects and low toxicity. Nature Communications. 2019, 10(1), 4355. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12321-3
Zhang SH, Peng LL, Chen YF, Xu Y, Moradi V. Focusing on exosomes to overcome the existing bottlenecks of CAR-T cell therapy. Inflammation and Regeneration. 2024, 44(1), 45. DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00358-x
Iqbal Z, Rehman K, Mahmood A, Shabbir M, Liang Y, Duan L, et al. Exosome for mRNA delivery: strategies and therapeutic applications. Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 2024, 22(1), 395. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02634-x
Zemanek T, Danisovic L, Nicodemou A. Exosomes and solid cancer therapy: where are we now? Medical Oncology. 2025, 42(3), 77. DOI: 10.1007/s12032-025-02626-3
Yang LZ, Liu ZZ, Chen GL, Chen Z, Guo CT, Ji XW, et al. MicroRNA-122-Mediated Liver Detargeting Enhances the Tissue Specificity of Cardiac Genome Editing. Circulation. 2024, 149(22), 1778-1781. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065438
Mali KK, Ghorpade VS, Dias RJ, Dhawale SC. Synthesis and characterization of citric acid crosslinked carboxymethyl tamarind gum-polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2023, 236, 123969. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123969
Al-Homsi AS, Anguille S, Brayer J, Deeren D, Meuleman N, Morgan G, et al. Clinical development of a non-gene-edited allogeneic Bcma-targeting CAR T-cell product in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2020, 136, 27-28. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2020-139516
Lonez C, Bolsée J, Huberty F, Nguyen T, Jacques-Hespel C, Anguille S, et al. Clinical Proof-of-Concept of a Non-Gene Editing Technology Using miRNA-Based shRNA to Engineer Allogeneic CAR T-Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025, 26(4), 1658. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26041658
Brayer JB, Sallman DA, Kerre T, Poire X, Havelange V, Lewalle P, et al. Phase 1 studies assessing the safety and clinical activity of multiple doses of a NKG2D-based CAR-T therapy, Cyad-01, in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2018, 132, 1398. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-99-114747
Xue SL, Tang X, Liu MJ, Qian CS, Chen SN, Qiu HY, et al. IL-6 Knockdown Anti-CD19 CAR-T Cells (ssCART-19) for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Phase 1 Trial. 2025. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.5205125
Tang XY, Chew M, Sudhakar R, Yun HR, Sakamoto D, Sail V, et al. Characterization of AB-1015 logic-gated CAR induction (ON kinetics), receptor turnover (OFF kinetics), and logic gate sensitivity to ALPG/P and MSLN. Cancer Research. 2024, 84(6_Supplement), 6319-6319. DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-6319
Chaoul N, Lauricella E, Giglio A, D'Angelo G, Ganini C, Cives M, et al. The future of cellular therapy for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2024, 24(11), 1245-1259. DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2418321
Zhou J, Yang Y, Wang WW, Zhang Y, Chen ZR, Hao CL, et al. Melanoma-released exosomes directly activate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway of CD4+ T cells through their microRNA cargo. Experimental Cell Research. 2018, 371(2), 364-371. DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.030
Hu Y, Wang CH, Li YJ, Zhao JJ, Chen C, Zhou Y, et al. MiR‐21 controls in situ expansion of CCR6+ regulatory T cells through PTEN/AKT pathway in breast cancer. Immunology and Cell Biology. 2015, 93(8), 753-764. DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.37
Yang X, Cheng YD, Li PC, Tao J, Deng XH, Zhang XL, et al. A lentiviral sponge for miRNA-21 diminishes aerobic glycolysis in bladder cancer T24 cells via the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis. Tumour Biology. 2015, 36(1), 383-391. DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2617-2
Wang PW, Xiao T, Li JJ, Wang DP, Sun J, Cheng C, et al. miR-21 in EVs from pulmonary epithelial cells promotes myofibroblast differentiation via glycolysis in arsenic-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Environmental Pollution. 2021, 286, 117259. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117259
He W, Wang C, Mu R, Liang P, Huang Z, Zhang J, et al. MiR-21 is required for anti-tumor immune response in mice: an implication for its bi-directional roles. Oncogene. 2017, 36(29), 4212-4223. DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.62
Stelekati E, Chen ZY, Manne S, Kurachi M, Ali MA, Lewy K, et al. Long-term persistence of exhausted CD8 T cells in chronic infection is regulated by microRNA-155. Cell Reports. 2018, 23(7), 2142-2156. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.038
Han Z, Estephan RJ, Wu XW, Su CY, Yuan YC, Qin HJ, et al. MicroRNA Regulation of T-Cell Exhaustion in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2022, 142(3 Pt A), 603-612 e7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.08.447
Ji Y, Hocker JD, Gattinoni L. Enhancing adoptive T cell immunotherapy with microRNA therapeutics. Seminars in Immunology. 2016, 28(1), 45-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.11.006
Haraszti RA. Chimeric miRNA cluster enables multiplex and titratable gene inhibition in CAR-T cells. Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids. 2023, 34, 102077. DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102077
Rad SMAH, Halpin JC, Tawinwung S, Suppipat K, Hirankarn N, McLellan AD. MicroRNA-mediated metabolic reprogramming of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Immunology and Cell Biology. 2022, 100(6), 424-439. DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12551
Urak R, Gittins B, Soemardy C, Grepo N, Goldberg L, Maker M, et al. Evaluation of the Elements of Short Hairpin RNAs in Developing shRNA-Containing CAR T Cells. Cancers (Basel). 2023, 15(10), 2848. DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102848
Jafarzadeh L, Masoumi E, Mirzaei HR, Alishah K, Fallah-Mehrjardi K, Khakpoor-Koosheh M, et al. Targeted knockdown of Tim3 by short hairpin RNAs improves the function of anti-mesothelin CAR T cells. Molecular Immunology. 2021, 139, 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.007
Hänsch L, Peipp M, Mastall M, Villars D, Myburgh R, Silginer M, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell-based targeting of CD317 as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy against glioblastoma. Neuro-oncology. 2023, 25(11), 2001-2014. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad108
Giuffrida L, Sek K, Henderson MA, Lai JY, Chen AXY, Meyran D, et al. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated deletion of the adenosine A2A receptor enhances CAR T cell efficacy. Nature Communications. 2021, 12(1), 3236. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23331-5
Sachdeva M, Duchateau P, Depil S, Poirot L, Valton J. Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor inactivation in CAR T-cells prevents monocyte-dependent release of key cytokine release syndrome mediators. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2019, 294(14), 5430-5437. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.007558
Hamilton AG, Swingle KL, Joseph RA, Mai D, Gong NQ, Billingsley MM, et al. Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles with Integrated Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for mRNA CAR T Cell Engineering. Advanced Healthcare Materials. 2023, 12(30), e2301515. DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301515
Dai YY, Liu Y, An LN, Zhong FY, Zhang X, Lou SF. Afatinib boosts CAR-T cell antitumor therapeutic efficacy via metabolism and fate reprogramming. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 2024, 12(11), e009949. DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009949
Rafiq S, Yeku OO, Jackson HJ, Purdon TJ, van Leeuwen DG, Drakes DJ, et al. Targeted delivery of a PD-1-blocking scFv by CAR-T cells enhances anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. Nature Biotechnology. 2018, 36(9), 847-856. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4195
Guo Z, He MX, Liu N, Yang YQ, Sun R, Wang JX, et al. In vitro functional validation of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells expressing lysine-specific demethylase 1 short hairpin RNA for the treatment of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024, 15, 1521778. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1521778
Kang LQ, Tang XW, Zhang J, Li MH, Xu N, Qi W, et al. Interleukin-6-knockdown of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells significantly reduces IL-6 release from monocytes. Experimental Hematology & Oncology. 2020, 9(1), 11. DOI: 10.1186/s40164-020-00166-2
Shang SQ, Chen YS, Yang XJ, Yang Y, Wang WB, Wang YY. RNA silencing of GM-CSF in CAR-T cells reduces the secretion of multiple inflammatory cytokines. Investigational New Drugs. 2023, 41(2), 220-225. DOI: 10.1007/s10637-023-01344-9
Liu ZF, Chen LY, Wang J, Kang LQ, Tang H, Zhou Y, et al. Successful treatment of acute B lymphoblastic leukemia relapse in the skin and testicle by anti-CD19 CAR-T with IL-6 knocking down: a case report. Biomarker Research. 2020, 8(1), 12. DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00193-5
Chen YS, Li RR, Shang SQ, Yang XJ, Li L, Wang WB, et al. Therapeutic potential of TNFα and IL1β blockade for CRS/ICANS in CAR-T therapy via ameliorating endothelial activation. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021, 12, 623610. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.623610
Rad S M AH, Poudel A, Tan GMY, McLellan AD. Promoter choice: Who should drive the CAR in T cells? PLoS One. 2020, 15(7), e0232915. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232915
Masoumi E, Jafarzadeh L, Mirzaei HR, Alishah K, Fallah-Mehrjardi K, Rostamian H, et al. Genetic and pharmacological targeting of A2a receptor improves function of anti-mesothelin CAR T cells. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2020, 39(1), 49. DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01546-6
Hazari V, Samali SA, Izadpanahi P, Mollaei H, Sadri F, Rezaei Z. MicroRNA-98: the multifaceted regulator in human cancer progression and therapy. Cancer Cell International. 2024, 24(1), 209. DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03386-2
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Farzad Sadri, Zohreh Rezaei
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
